Never click "Agree" or "OK" to close a window that you suspect might be spyware. Instead, click the red "x" in the corner of the window or press Alt + F4 on your keyboard to close a window.

Require employees to use strong passwords and change them periodically: A hacker may try to access your account more than once over a period of time. Changing your password reduces the risk that they will have frequent access. A keystroke logger is surveillance technology used to record keystrokes. Regularly changing your password makes it less likely that passwords obtained this way will be useful for any length of time.Keep your password length between 8-15 characters must be contains alphanumeric & special character.

Install anti-virus software: AV periodically scan your computer to keep protect your files, emails & web browsing activities. Antivirus gets update periodically & install updated virus definition.

Use email with caution: Users of email should be careful when they are using it. Hackers can exploit an email in many different ways; hiding viruses in attachments for example. It is very important to not open or read emails from email addresses you don’t recognize, they should be deleted from your inbox immediately.

Use internet carefully: Do you know even the safest website can contains spyware & malware, on a single click they can install in your computer. Avoid clicking on popups, ads, graphics and links to other websites.

Be Aware... Be Safe..😊😉😎

What is worm?

Worm is a self replicating computer program that spreads without human interaction. Mostly it spreads from emails attachments that infect the computer when they are open. Worms uses system resources like hard drive & bandwidth by overloading a share network. It also steal data, install a backdoor and allow hackers to gain system control. So, keep monitoring your bandwidth , keep eyes on your hard drive, check time ti time for missing files of new files because worms delete and replace files in your computers.

What is spyware?

Spyware is a type of malware which can install on your computer without your knowledge. It can collect personal information secretly from your computer. Spyware can monitor your usually web browsing  activity, it may install un necessary software in your system & guide your web browser according to him or may control your system.

What is a trojan horse?

Trojan horse is a malicious program is not spread by themselves but they spreads from virus, worms or downloaded software.It can spread like....You might think you’ve received an email from someone you know and click on what looks like a legitimate attachment. But you’ve been fooled. The email is from a cyber criminal, and the file you clicked on — and downloaded and opened — has gone on to install malware on your device.When you execute the program, the malware can spread to other files and damage your computer.

What is rogue security software?

A rogue security software program tries to make you think that your computer is infected by a virus and usually prompts you to download or buy a product that removes the virus. The names of these products frequently contain words like Antivirus, Shield, Security, Protection, or Fixer. This makes them sound legitimate. They frequently run right after you download them, or the next time that your computer starts. Rogue security software can prevent applications, such as Internet Explorer, from opening. Rogue security software might also display legitimate and important Windows files as infections.

What is malware?

Malware is a term that is used for malicious software that is designed to do damage or unwanted actions to a computer system. Examples of malware include the following:

• Viruses

• Worms

• Trojan horses
• Spyware
• Rogue security software

Thank you for reading... comment on post for any doubt....... 😊😉

Processor/CPU Overview:-

Central processing unit understand all the activities between human & computer then, process the the instruction further as a command of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system.CPU is basically brain of computer, it stores data, immediate results & instructions.It performs all type of data processing operations.It controls the operations of all parts of the computer. 

• Memory or Storage Unit
• Control Unit
• ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

Memory or Storage Unit

This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or the main memory or the primary storage or Random Access Memory (RAM).Its size affects speed, power, and capability.

Primary memory and secondary memory are two types of memories in the computer. Functions of the memory unit are :-

• It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
• It stores intermediate results of processing.
• It stores the final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.
• All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.

Control Unit

This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any actual data processing operations.

Functions of this unit are :-

• It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a computer.
• It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
• It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of the computer.
• It communicates with Input/output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.
• It does not process or store data.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

• Arithmetic Section
• Logic Section

Arithmetic Section

Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of the above operations.

Logic Section

Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching, and merging of data.

CPU Features :- 

Speeds and Feeds :- Processor performance is usually a number in either MHz (megahertz) or GHz (gigahertz.) That number represents how many times the internal clock inside the CPU ticks in cycles per second. The clock inside a 2.5GHz CPU ticks 2.5 billion times each second.

But clock frequency isn’t a complete measure of performance. Efficiency — how much work can be done by the CPU in each clock cycle — is also important. This is measured in terms of instructions per cycle, often abbreviated as IPC. A CPU with a very high clock frequency, but low IPC, may not perform as well as a CPU with a lower clock frequency and high IPC.

Cache :- Fast access to memory is important to a PC processor, and that’s what your cache is for. Waiting for data to come in from system memory can make your CPU inefficient. The memory hierarchy is a way to show where memory bottlenecks exist. The CPU registers hold the data actually being used in calculations and comprise the fastest memory. The next fastest are levels 1 and 2 caches.

 These are small amounts of fast memory built right onto the CPU core. Level 1 (L1) cache is faster but smaller than Level 2 (L2). Some CPUs have a third level, which is often shared between different CPU cores. Even the L3 cache is much faster than your computer’s main memory.

 If an item of data is not in the cache, the CPU must wait until the data is retrieved from memory. In the slowest case, the data isn’t even in main memory, but must be fetched from the hard drive. However, while waiting for that data to be retrieved from system memory, the CPU can turn to a different task to help keep the PC running.

Cores:- Modern PC processors are multi core. Each core is as fully functional as the others. Each has its own cache, but can communicate with other CPU cores as needed. Cores can also share information in a cache, such as the level 3 cache built into AMD Phenom II processors. AMD’s Accelerated Processing Unit (APU) technology adds a new concept — the GPU core — which is better at certain kinds of math than the traditional core. The technology, originally developed for AMD’s Direct X 11-capable line of graphics cards, brings sophisticated graphics capability and parallel compute technology directly onto the CPU.

Current time you can see the cores like the mention below:-

1. Dual Core Processor (It has two cores)
2. Quad Core Processor (It has four cores)
3. Hexa Core Processor (It has six cores)
4. Octo Core Processor (It has eight cores)
5. Decca Core Processor (It has ten cores)

Bandwidth:- CPUs are part of a larger platform. They need to communicate with the outside world. Data buses (circuits that carry the data) communicate with the chip sets built onto the motherboard. The chips act as traffic cops to route data to the outside world, for example to the PCI Express slots, which communicate with discrete graphics cards and other expansion cards, and USB ports, which communicate with external storage, keyboards, mice, etc.

 The speed of this communication is called bandwidth. It’s split into two types: memory and input/output (I/O). AMD processors have circuitry integrated into the CPU itself to handle all communication with system memory. This block of circuits is called the memory controller.

There are various companies manufactures processor but, below mentioned are the top processor manufacturing companies :-

• Intel
• AMD
• Qualcomm
• NVIDIA
• IBM
• Samsung
• Motorola
• Hewlett-Packard(HP)

Intel & AMD are the most demanding processor in current time. Choosing options & comparison between them:-

AMD Stands for Advance Micro Device was founded in 1969 & currently it is 2nd largest processor manufacturing company after Intel.AMD is said to offer the same basic product at the cheaper price than Intel.It consumption of power is more than Intel. AMD APUs made for gaming which contains CPU + GPU.AMD have low life/speed cpu's.

Intel Corporation was founded a year earlier in 1968  & its processors are costly than the AMD.Intel processors are power efficient.For gaming you need GPU which is not inbuilt in Intel processor  but both the processor performs well for gaming. Intel have better cpu's life/speed like Core I7 (8 cores every core have 3Ghz speed).

• Active Hub
• Passive Hub

• Move the cursor quicker to the beginning of the previous word by pressing CTRL+Left Arrow, instead of doing it manually.

• To get the cursor to the beginning of the next word, use CTRL+Right Arrow.

• Recover a deleted item with ALT+Backspace.

• Delete an entire word by pressing CTRL+Backspace.

• Select a word you want to highlight quickly, without dragging the mouse, by double-clicking on it.

• Highlight a whole paragraph by triple-clicking on it.

• Make superscript and sub text by pressing CTRL + = for sub, and CTRL+ Shift for superscript.

• Close all your windows quickly if you’re in a hurry by pushing the Windows button +D, and they will all shut immediately.

• Rename your highlighted files quickly by pressing FN + F2.

• Re-open your last closed tab with Shift + CTRL + T on most browsers.

• Instead of moving the cursor to the close (X) in the corner, press CTRL + W to close the current window.

• Take a screen shot with Windows + Print Screen.

• Adjust any setting on your PC with the Windows “God Mode” folder, which is a centralized Control Panel for all the OS settings.                                                                                                                                                  Access this by creating a new folder named: God Mode.{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C}.

• Problem Step Recorder will record all mouse clicks and take screenshots. This tool is helpful to a tech when an issue with your PC needs to be diagnosed. Use this by pressing Windows + R then type the letters “psr” & press enter.

Start recording dialogue box will be open like this 👉

You may save or review the recording steps & screenshots also....

Enjoy Guys......😊

 

What is IP address ?

An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network. It designates the specific location of a device on the network. An IP address is a software address, not a hardware address—the latter is hard-coded on a network interface card (NIC) and used for finding hosts on a local network. IP addressing was designed to allow hosts on one network to communicate with a host on a different network regardless of the type of LANs the hosts are participating in.

Types of IP Address

 IPv₄(IP Version 4)

 IPv₆(IP Version 6)

IPv₄(IP Version 4)

An IP address consists of 32 bits of information.These bits are divided into four sections  referred to as octets or bytes, with each containing 1 byte (8 bits).  You can depict an IP address using one of three methods:

·         Dotted-decimal, as in 172.16.30.66

·         Binary, as in 10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000

The 32-bit IP address is a structured or hierarchical address, as opposed to a flat or non hierarchical address. Although either type of addressing scheme could have been used, hierarchical addressing was chosen for a good reason. The advantage of this scheme is that it can handle a large number of addresses, namely 6.3 billion (a 32-bit address space with two possible values for each position—either 0 or 1—gives you 232, or 6,296,967,296). IPv4 is divided into classes.

classes

Network Address Range: Class A

The designers of the IP address scheme decided that the first bit of the first byte in a Class A

network address must always be off, or 0. This means a Class A address must be between 0 and 127 in the first byte, inclusive.Consider the following network address:

0xxxxxxx If we turn the other 7 bits all off and then turn them all on, we’ll find the Class A range of 

network addresses:

00000000 = 0

01111111 = 127

So, a Class A network is defined in the first octet between 0 and 127, and it can’t be less or more. Understand that 0 and 127 are not valid in a Class A network because they’re reserved addresses, which I’ll explain soon.

Network Address Range: Class B

In a Class B network, the RFCs state that the first bit of the first byte must always be turned

on but the second bit must always be turned off. If you turn the other 6 bits all off and then all on, you will find the range for a Class B network:

10000000 = 128

10111111 = 191

As you can see, a Class B network is defined when the first byte is configured from 128 to 191.

Network Address Range: Class C

For Class C networks, the RFCs define the first 2 bits of the first octet as always turned on,

but the third bit can never be on. Following the same process as the previous classes, convert

from binary to decimal to find the range. Here’s the range for a Class C network:

11000000 = 192

11011111 = 223

So, if you see an IP address that starts at 192 and goes to 223, you’ll know it is a Class C IP address.

Network Address Ranges: Classes D and E

The addresses between 226 to 266 are reserved for Class D and E networks. Class D (226–239) is used for multicast addresses and Class E (260–266) for scientific purposes.

IPv6

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv6 address exhaustion. IPv6 is intended to replace IPv6.

Every device on the Internet is assigned an IP address for identification and location definition. With the rapid growth of the Internet after commercialization in the 1990s, it became evident that far more addresses than the IPv6 address space has available were necessary to connect new devices in the future. By 1998, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) had formalized the successor protocol. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, allowing 2128, or approximately 3.6×1038 addresses, or more than 7.9×1028 times as many as IPv6, which uses 32-bit addresses and provides approximately 6.3 billion addresses. The two protocols are not designed to be interoperable, complicating the transition to IPv6. However, several IPv6 transition mechanisms have been devised to permit communication between IPv6 and IPv6 hosts.

IPv6 provides other technical benefits in addition to a larger addressing space. In particular, it permits hierarchical address allocation methods that facilitate route aggregation across the Internet, and thus limit the expansion of routing tables. The use of multicast addressing is expanded and simplified, and provides additional optimization for the delivery of services. Device mobility, security, and configuration aspects have been considered in the design of the protocol.

IPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons, for example 2001:0db8:86a3:0062:1000:8a2e:0370:7336, but methods to abbreviate this full notation exist.

                                                                             ipv6 conversion